汽車的變速箱起什么作用？

　　What is the function of a car's gearbox?

　　變速箱是汽車的重要部件之一，是由齒輪、軸承和軸組成的機(jī)械傳動(dòng)裝置。變速箱也被稱為自動(dòng)變速器，它是通過改變傳動(dòng)比來改變發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)輸出扭矩的裝置。目前市場上主要有4擋自動(dòng)變速器、7擋自動(dòng)變速器和8擋自動(dòng)變速箱等。變速箱的種類繁多，有液力變矩器和行星齒輪變速器兩種。變速箱由換檔操縱機(jī)構(gòu)（離合器、制動(dòng)器）、傳動(dòng)軸和飛輪等部件組成，并可改變傳動(dòng)比以適應(yīng)不同的車速和扭矩要求，實(shí)現(xiàn)汽車行駛時(shí)的加減速度，以獲得最佳動(dòng)力性能。現(xiàn)代汽車上使用的自動(dòng)變速箱有液力變矩器式、行星齒輪式和機(jī)械無級(jí)變速箱等。

　　The gearbox is one of the important components of a car, which is a mechanical transmission device composed of gears, bearings, and shafts. A gearbox, also known as an automatic transmission, is a device that changes the engine output torque by altering the gear ratio. At present, there are mainly 4-speed automatic transmissions, 7-speed automatic transmissions, and 8-speed automatic transmissions on the market. There are various types of transmissions, including hydraulic torque converters and planetary gear transmissions. The gearbox consists of shift control mechanism (clutch, brake), transmission shaft, flywheel and other components, and can change the transmission ratio to adapt to different vehicle speeds and torque requirements, achieving acceleration and deceleration during vehicle operation to achieve optimal power performance. The automatic transmissions used in modern cars include hydraulic torque converter type, planetary gear type, and mechanical continuously variable transmission.

　　降低油耗

　　Reduce fuel consumption

　　變速器在發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)和車輪之間傳遞動(dòng)力，可以通過改變變速器齒輪的嚙合來降低發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)速。此外，變速器還可以通過改變擋位來降低行駛阻力，減少行駛阻力的產(chǎn)生。這將大大降低汽車在行駛過程中的油耗。當(dāng)汽車以高時(shí)速行駛時(shí)，發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)工作效率較低，但當(dāng)速度增加到一定程度時(shí)，發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)效率提高到一定水平，但此時(shí)仍可維持較低速度。當(dāng)車輛在彎道行駛時(shí)，車速難以控制。此時(shí)，變速器可以自動(dòng)對(duì)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速進(jìn)行調(diào)節(jié)。

　　The transmission transmits power between the engine and the wheels, and can reduce the engine speed by changing the meshing of the transmission gears. In addition, the transmission can also reduce driving resistance by changing gears, reducing the generation of driving resistance. This will greatly reduce the fuel consumption of the car during driving. When the car is driving at high speeds, the engine efficiency is low, but when the speed increases to a certain level, the engine efficiency improves to a certain level, but the low speed can still be maintained at this time. When the vehicle is driving on a bend, the speed is difficult to control. At this point, the transmission can automatically adjust the engine speed.

　　提高動(dòng)力

　　Improve power

　　動(dòng)力是汽車行駛的主要驅(qū)動(dòng)力，也是汽車的主要性能指標(biāo)。發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)輸出功率與其轉(zhuǎn)速成正比，發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速越高，輸出功率越大。但如果發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)速太高，就會(huì)造成燃料浪費(fèi)，同時(shí)也會(huì)降低動(dòng)力輸出。因此，為提高動(dòng)力性，需要對(duì)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)速控制。在汽車行駛過程中，需要根據(jù)車速和油門大小控制發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)速，使其在最經(jīng)濟(jì)和最有效的轉(zhuǎn)速范圍內(nèi)工作。這個(gè)過程就是我們常說的換擋過程，換擋也是變速器最重要的功能之一。汽車行駛時(shí)最常用的擋位有1、2、3、4、5檔等。為了使發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)在不同速度下工作在最經(jīng)濟(jì)的區(qū)間內(nèi)，通過變速器操縱機(jī)構(gòu)改變傳動(dòng)比來實(shí)現(xiàn)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)輸出扭矩。

　　Power is the main driving force and performance indicator of a car. The output power of the engine is proportional to its speed, and the higher the engine speed, the greater the output power. But if the engine speed is too high, it will cause fuel waste and also reduce power output. Therefore, in order to improve power performance, it is necessary to control the engine speed. During the driving process of a car, it is necessary to control the engine speed according to the vehicle speed and throttle size, so that it operates within the most economical and efficient speed range. This process is commonly known as the shifting process, and shifting is also one of the most important functions of the transmission. The most commonly used gears when driving a car are 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, etc. In order to operate the engine in the most economical range at different speeds, the transmission control mechanism is used to change the gear ratio to achieve engine output torque.

　　減輕負(fù)擔(dān)

　　reduce the burden

　　汽車上的傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)主要是變速箱，的作用是將發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的動(dòng)力傳遞到車輪上，從而使發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)發(fā)出的動(dòng)力得到充分利用。因此，在車輛上起著非常重要的作用。一輛車如果有4個(gè)獨(dú)立的齒輪，那么它就可以由一個(gè)齒輪帶動(dòng)，2個(gè)齒輪，這樣4個(gè)齒輪就可以代替一個(gè)獨(dú)立的齒輪箱，而且四個(gè)獨(dú)立的齒輪箱還會(huì)互相連接在一起形成一個(gè)整體。所以變速箱就減輕了汽車上笨重的機(jī)械部分，使汽車變得輕巧、靈活、容易操作。

　　The transmission mechanism on a car is mainly the gearbox, which is used to transmit the power of the engine to the wheels, thereby fully utilizing the power generated by the engine. Therefore, it plays a very important role in vehicles. If a car has four independent gears, it can be driven by one gear and two gears, so that the four gears can replace an independent gearbox, and the four independent gearboxes will also be connected to each other to form a whole. So the gearbox reduces the bulky mechanical parts on the car, making it lightweight, flexible, and easy to operate.

　　換擋平順

　　smooth gear shifting

　　換擋平順主要體現(xiàn)在換擋過程中齒輪嚙合的時(shí)候，如果齒輪嚙合不均勻，就會(huì)產(chǎn)生沖擊，導(dǎo)致抖動(dòng)。采用液力變矩器式自動(dòng)變速器，可以改善這一問題。它通過在兩個(gè)相互嚙合的齒輪上安裝離合器，利用離合器和傳動(dòng)軸的相對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)實(shí)現(xiàn)換擋過程中動(dòng)力的連續(xù)傳遞。這種技術(shù)可以使發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)和變速器在不同的工作狀態(tài)下快速、平穩(wěn)地完成換擋。這樣就能大大提高車輛的燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)性，從而達(dá)到節(jié)能減排的目的。還有一種自動(dòng)變速器是采用電子控制離合器的無級(jí)變速器，它不僅能夠改善換擋時(shí)的沖擊和抖動(dòng)，還能改善汽車在換擋時(shí)的平順性。該技術(shù)已廣泛應(yīng)用于乘用車和商用車。

　　Smooth gear shifting is mainly reflected in the gear meshing during the shifting process. If the gear meshing is uneven, it will generate impact and cause shaking. The use of a hydraulic torque converter automatic transmission can improve this problem. It achieves continuous power transmission during gear shifting by installing clutches on two meshing gears and utilizing the relative motion between the clutches and the transmission shaft. This technology can enable the engine and transmission to quickly and smoothly shift gears in different working states. This can greatly improve the fuel economy of vehicles, thereby achieving the goal of energy conservation and emission reduction. Another type of automatic transmission is a continuously variable transmission that uses an electronically controlled clutch. It can not only improve the impact and vibration during shifting, but also enhance the smoothness of the car during shifting. This technology has been widely applied in passenger cars and commercial vehicles.

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